Chemistry - a branch of physical science, which is the study of the composition, properties and behavior of matter. Chemistry is concerned with atoms and their interactions with other atoms, and particularly with the properties of chemical bonds. It is also concerned with the interactions between atoms or groups of atoms and various forms of energy.
For
example: photochemical reactions, changes in phases of matter, separation of
mixtures, properties of polymers, etc.
Chemistry
is sometimes called "the central science" because it bridges other
natural sciences like physics, geology and biology with each other. Chemistry
is a branch of physical science but distinct from physics.
The
etymology of the word chemistry has been much disputed. The genesis of
chemistry can be traced to certain practices, known as alchemy, which had been
practiced for several millennia in various parts of the world, particularly the
Middle East.
The
current model of atomic structure is the quantum mechanical model. Traditional
chemistry starts with the study of elementary particles, atoms, molecules,
substances, metals, crystals and other aggregates of matter. This matter can be
studied in solid, liquid, or gas states, in isolation or in combination. The
interactions, reactions and transformations that are studied in chemistry are
usually the result of interactions between atoms, leading to rearrangements of
the chemical bonds which hold atoms together. Such behaviors are studied in a
chemistry laboratory.
The
chemistry laboratory stereotypically uses various forms of laboratory
glassware, but glassware is not central to chemistry, and a great deal of
experimental as well as applied/industrial chemistry is done without it.
A
chemical reaction is a transformation of some substances into one or more
different substances. The basis of such a chemical transformation is the
rearrangement of electrons in the chemical bonds between atoms. It can be
symbolically depicted through a chemical equation, which usually involves atoms
as subjects. The number of atoms on the left and the right in the equation for
a chemical transformation is equal when unequal, the transformation by
definition is not chemical, but rather a nuclear reaction or radioactive decay.
The type of chemical reactions a substance may undergo and the energy changes
that may accompany it are constrained by certain basic rules, known as chemical
laws.
Energy
and entropy considerations are invariably important in almost all chemical
studies. Chemical substances are classified in terms of their structure, phase,
as well as their chemical compositions. They can be analyzed using the tools of
chemical analysis, for instance spectroscopy and chromatography. Scientists
engaged in chemical research are known as chemists. Most chemists specialize in
one or more sub-disciplines.
Chemistry
is typically divided into several major sub-disciplines. There are also several
main cross-disciplinary and more specialized fields of chemistry.
Ø Analytical
chemistry is the analysis of material samples to
gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure.
Ø Biochemistry
is the study of the chemicals, chemical reactions and chemical interactions
that take place in living organisms.
Ø Inorganic
chemistry is the study of the properties and
reactions of inorganic compounds.
Ø Materials
chemistry is the preparation, characterization,
and understanding of substances with a useful function.
Ø Neurochemistry
is
the study of neurochemicals; including transmitters, peptides, proteins,
lipids, sugars, and nucleic acids; their interactions, and the roles they play
in forming, maintaining, and modifying the nervous system.
Ø Nuclear
chemistry is the study of how subatomic particles
come together and make nuclei.
Ø Organic
chemistry is the study of the structure,
properties, composition, mechanisms, and reactions of organic compounds.
Ø Physical
chemistry is the study of the physical and
fundamental basis of chemical systems and processes.
Ø Theoretical
chemistry is the study of chemistry via fundamental
theoretical reasoning usually within mathematics or physics.
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and Colleges offer lot of advanced degree courses in Chemistry with thesis and
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